Deception Point Page 91

Rachel stood in silence as the Bathynomous pages rolled out of the printer. She tried to tell herself this was all an honest NASA mistake, but she knew it was not. People who made honest mistakes didn't try to kill people. The nasal voice of Corky echoed suddenly across the lab. â€Å"Impossible!† Both Tolland and Rachel turned. â€Å"Measure the damn ratio again! It makes no sense!† Xavia came hurrying in with a computer printout clutched in her hand. Her face was ashen. â€Å"Mike, I don't know how to say this†¦ † Her voice cracked. â€Å"The titanium/zirconium ratios we're seeing in this sample?† She cleared her throat. â€Å"It's pretty obvious that NASA made a huge mistake. Their meteorite is an ocean rock.† Tolland and Rachel looked at each other but neither spoke a word. They knew. Just like that, all the suspicions and doubts had swelled up like the crest of a wave, reaching the breaking point. Tolland nodded, a sadness in his eyes. â€Å"Yeah. Thanks, Xavia.† â€Å"But I don't understand,† Xavia said. â€Å"The fusion crust†¦ the location in the ice-â€Å" â€Å"We'll explain on the way to shore,† Tolland said. â€Å"We're leaving.† Quickly, Rachel collected all the papers and evidence they now had. The evidence was shockingly conclusive: the GPR printout showing the insertion shaft in the Milne Ice Shelf; photos of a living sea louse resembling NASA's fossil; Dr. Pollock's article on ocean chondrules; and microprobe data showing ultradepleted zirconium in the meteorite. The conclusion was undeniable. Fraud. Tolland looked at the stack of papers in Rachel's hands and heaved a melancholy sigh. â€Å"Well, I'd say William Pickering has his proof.† Rachel nodded, again wondering why Pickering had not answered his phone. Tolland lifted the receiver of a nearby phone, holding it out for her. â€Å"You want to try him again from here?† â€Å"No, let's get moving. I'll try to contact him from the chopper.† Rachel had already decided if she could not make contact with Pickering, she'd have the Coast Guard fly them directly to the NRO, only about 180 miles. Tolland began to hang up the phone, but he paused. Looking confused, he listened to the receiver, frowning. â€Å"Bizarre. No dial tone.† â€Å"What do you mean?† Rachel said, wary now. â€Å"Weird,† Tolland said. â€Å"Direct COMSAT lines never lose carrier-â€Å" â€Å"Mr. Tolland?† The Coast Guard pilot came rushing into the lab, his face white. â€Å"What is it?† Rachel demanded. â€Å"Is someone coming?† â€Å"That's the problem,† the pilot said. â€Å"I don't know. All onboard radar and communications have just gone dead.† Rachel stuffed the papers deep inside her shirt. â€Å"Get in the helicopter. We're leaving. NOW!† 109 Gabrielle's heart was racing as she crossed the darkened office of Senator Sexton. The room was as expansive as it was elegant-ornate wood-paneled walls, oil paintings, Persian carpets, leather rivet chairs, and a gargantuan mahogany desk. The room was lit only by the eerie neon glow of Sexton's computer screen. Gabrielle moved toward his desk. Senator Sexton had embraced the â€Å"digital office† to maniacal proportions, eschewing the overflow of file cabinets for the compact, searchable simplicity of his personal computer, into which he fed enormous amounts of information-digitized meeting notes, scanned articles, speeches, brainstorms. Sexton's computer was his sacred ground, and he kept his office locked at all times to protect it. He even refused to connect to the Internet for fear of hackers infiltrating his sacred digital vault. A year ago Gabrielle would never have believed any politician would be stupid enough to store copies of self-incriminating documents, but Washington had taught her a lot. Information is power. Gabrielle had been amazed to learn that a common practice among politicians who accepted questionable campaign contributions was to keep actual proof of those donations-letters, bank records, receipts, logs-all hidden away in a safe place. This counterblackmail tactic, euphemistically known in Washington as â€Å"Siamese insurance,† protected candidates from donors who felt their generosity somehow authorized them to assert undue political pressure on a candidate. If a contributor got too demanding, the candidate could simply produce evidence of the illegal donation and remind the donor that both parties had broken the law. The evidence ensured that candidates and donors were joined at the hip forever-like Siamese twins. Gabrielle slipped behind the senator's desk and sat down. She took a deep breath, looking at his computer. If the senator is accepting SFF bribes, any evidence would be in here. Sexton's computer screensaver was an ongoing slideshow of the White House and its grounds created for him by one of his gung-ho staffers who was big into visualization and positive thinking. Around the images crawled a ticker-tape banner that read: President of the United States Sedgewick Sexton†¦ President of the United States Sedgewick Sexton†¦ President of the†¦ Gabrielle jostled the mouse, and a security dialogue box came up. Enter Password:_ She expected this. It would not be a problem. Last week, Gabrielle had entered Sexton's office just as the senator was sitting down and logging onto his computer. She saw him type three short keystrokes in rapid succession. â€Å"That's a password?† she challenged from the doorway as she walked in. Sexton glanced up. â€Å"What?† â€Å"And here I thought you were concerned about security,† Gabrielle scolded good-naturedly. â€Å"Your password's only three keys? I thought the tech guys told us all to use at least six.† â€Å"The tech guys are teenagers. They should try remembering six random letters when they're over forty. Besides, the door has an alarm. Nobody can get in.† Gabrielle walked toward him, smiling. â€Å"What if someone slipped in while you're in the loo?† â€Å"And tried every combination of passwords?† He gave a skeptical laugh. â€Å"I'm slow in the bathroom, but not that slow.† â€Å"Dinner at Davide says I can guess your password in ten seconds.† Sexton looked intrigued and amused. â€Å"You can't afford Davide, Gabrielle.† â€Å"So you're saying you're chicken?† Sexton appeared almost sorry for her as he accepted the challenge. â€Å"Ten seconds?† He logged off and motioned for Gabrielle to sit down and give it a try. â€Å"You know I only order the saltimbocca at Davide. And that ain't cheap.† She shrugged as she sat down. â€Å"It's your money.† Enter Password:_ â€Å"Ten seconds,† Sexton reminded. Gabrielle had to laugh. She would need only two. Even from the doorway she could see that Sexton had entered his three-key password in very rapid succession using only his index finger. Obviously all the same key. Not wise. She could also see that his hand had been positioned over the far left side of his keyboard-cutting the possible alphabet down to only about nine letters. Choosing the letter was simple; Sexton had always loved the triple alliteration of his title. Senator Sedgewick Sexton. Never underestimate the ego of a politician. She typed SSS, and the screensaver evaporated. Sexton's jaw hit the floor. That had been last week. Now, as Gabrielle faced his computer again, she was certain Sexton would not have taken time yet to figure out how to set up a different password. Why would he? He trusts me implicitly. She typed in SSS. Invalid Password – Access Denied Gabrielle stared in shock. Apparently she had overestimated her senator's level of trust. 110 The attack came without warning. Low out of the southwest sky above the Goya, the lethal silhouette of a gunship helicopter bore down like a giant wasp. Rachel had no doubt what it was, or why it was here.

Contrast between Growing up as a Single Child

My brother and I always compare and want to the better than each other. Since I have experienced both growing as only child and with siblings, I have several perspectives similarities and differences between rising up in single child family and having siblings. No matter we have siblings or not, are the first one we communicate with, so parents are their role model in their childhood. Parents are the one who can affect their children the most. It may determine their personality by different methods of parenting.Growing up as only child and with siblings can have similar personality. For instance, I have a younger bother but my friend does not. Our parents have similar occupation and they are talkative people. When my friend and was developing our personality, we both have a out-going mind and easy to talk with people. Therefore, parents are the most important characteristic when we are growing up. Only children don't grow up with interaction, so they learn to be children on their own . Children, who have brothers and sisters, are raised among heir siblings.They tend to compare with their playmates. When they have conversation, play games together, or solve problems, they can share their different opinions In order to learn how to cooperate with people. By the time they are growing up, elder siblings always can help parents to take care younger siblings. Younger siblings also can learn from older siblings because children are easier to intimate what are other people doing. Only children would have less opportunity to get interaction and cooperation. Another difference is getting and sharing stuffs.Growing up with brothers and sister has to share everything in the family, such as rooms, toys, etc. In the single child family, parents have only one kid to spend money on and he or she does not have to share stuffs with anybody. Therefore, they can get more toys than the children who have siblings. Only children have all things that parents are given. For example, if there are two families from middle class and have enough money to afford one child to study aboard, the child, who does not have filings will get the chance to study overseas because only children family can spend all the money to one child.However, the families, which have more than one child, need to balance what their kids needed. In this case, parents are most likely not a single child and with siblings are more than the similarities of those. They born have pros and cons. But, I feel grateful that I have a younger bother. He makes me to learn sharing and cooperating earlier than single children. I feel there always someone accompanies me.

Elwyn Company Essay

In the Elwyn Company, the relationship between output (Q) and the number of hours of skilled labor (S) and unskilled labor (U) is Q 300S 200U – 0.2S2 – 0.3U2 The hourly wage of skilled labor is 10, and the hourly wage of unskilled labor is 5. The firm can hire as much labor as it wants at these wage rates. Elwyns chief engineer recommends that the firm hire 400 hours of skilled labor and 100 hours of unskilled labor. Evaluate this recommendation. If the Elwyn Company decides to spend a total of 5,000 on skilled and unskilled labor, how many hours of each type of labor should it hire If the price of a unit of output is 10 (and does not vary with output), how many hours of unskilled labor should the company hire (Chapter 5 problem 1. see answer on webct assignment 2) The Smith Company made and sold 10,000 metal tables last year. When output was between 5,000 and 10,000 tables, its average variable cost was 24. In this output range, each table contributed 60 percent of its revenue to fixed costs and profits. What was the price per table If the Smith Company increases its price by 10 percent, how many tables will it have to sell next year to obtain the same profit as last year If the Smith Company increases its price by 10 percent, and if its average variable cost increases by 8 percent as a result of wage increases, how many tables will it have to sell next year to obtain the same profit as last year Chapter 6 problem 12. see answer on webct assignment 2) Raleigh Company is a monopolist, producing and selling the product with the demand curve P 30 – 6Q where P is price (in thousands of dollars) and Q is the firms output (in thousands of units). The firms total cost function is TC 14 3Q 3Q2 where TC is total cost (in millions of dollars) What is the firms marginal revenue (MR) and marginal cost (MC) At what level of output does the firm maximize its profit What is the profit maximizing price (P) of the firm Is the price higher than marginal cost (MC) What is the profit of the firm (Chapter 8 problem page 267) 4. James Pizzo is president of a firm that is the price leader in the industry that is, it sets the price and the other firms sell all they wa nt at that price. In other words, the other firms act as perfect competitors. The demand curve for the industrys product is P 300 – Q, where P is the price of the product, and Q is the total quantity demanded. The total amount supplied by the other firms is equal to Qr, where Qr 49P.

The Individual with a Strong Will Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

The Individual with a Strong Will - Essay Example I am an individual with a strong will, and this is depicted through the various challenges I have faced, and the manner in which I was able to overcome these challenges. For instance, in one given time, I was very sick, diagnosed by Pneumonia. The doctors gave me some prescriptions, and initially I was reluctant to take these medicines. This is because of the phobia that I had, in regard to the use of medicine. However, because of my will to get well, I forced myself to take the medications, without guidance from the nurse, or even my parents. This was a great surprise to my parents, who were expecting a fight, when it came to convincing me, to take the medication.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   My strong will and exceptional optimism are also seen in my desire to achieve the highest degree in business and become an influential business personality. For example, my passion for business began after studying the successes of Warren Buffet, one of the richest and successful business personalities in the world. I learned that to succeed, an individual has to take some risks in life. Therefore, I saved some money and decided to invest in the stock market. Due to my inexperience, I invested the money in the shares of Noble Energy. Because of my inexperience, I thought that because the company operates in the energy industry, then its shares will be on an increase. However, this was not the case, and this is because of the falling prices of oil (Yetiv, 56). This has made the share price of the company to fall. This is from 50 dollars a share, to approximately 48 dollars per share. However, it should be noted that the share prices of the company used to sell at 70 dollars share, as of the year 2014 (Yetiv, 14). Because I am an optimistic person, and I believe that in the long run, the prices of oil will stabilize, and the share prices of Noble Energy will begin to rise. Therefore, I am still holding on my shares, and I do not have an intention of selling them.

Risk-managemnt policy Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Risk-managemnt policy - Case Study Example Another breach that the organization endured during the course of its operations was an inside job where personal data was stolen. This was achieved through the weak access-control policies that are utilized within the organization which allowed unauthorized individual access to valuable data (Case Study). This paper dwells on ascertaining whether the policy implemented will be effective in ensuring that the customer and organization’s information is adequately secured from future security breaches. This policy will be important because it will help in restoring the customers confidence in the organization’s handling of their confidential data and financial assets. It is also vital since it provides authority and accountability to specific people concerning the authority of disclosing or sharing the information in the organization. According to Calder, Watkins & Watkins, the organizations governing body has to give powers along with the necessary authority to a system administrator who will be the only person who can access the organization’s data. The security on the organization’s customer’s confidential information will be enforced through the use of passwords which will remain known only to their systems administrator (2010). In addition, the systems administrator within the organization will be solely responsible for disclosing any information to any authorized personnel who may require it. To enhance the data’s security further, the syst em administrator will be required to utilize several data encryption techniques. This will include encryption techniques like the creation of block ciphers, feistel cipher structures and the utilization of other advanced encryption standards. These techniques will help in ensuring that unauthorized people within the organization cannot interpret the meaning of the data. This will further prevent them from

Informal report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Informal report - Essay Example These are behavioral goals to create an inclusive work environment . It needs to be brought to the notice of all employees that under the Disabilities Act, it is discriminatory to behave unfavorably to employees with any kind of physical or mental disability. The company is bound under the law to provide desired facilities to disabled employees. All staff needs to be aware of the legal aspect of the law not to discriminate an employee even for having relationship with a person of disability . It should be clear to all concerned that our country’s law is against any such discrimination over employment, which may be related to hiring, notice to quit job, salary, job roles, promotions, layoff, training, fringe benefits, and other job related terms and conditions . Harassment of disabled employees is an illegal act. Even an offensive remark can be discriminatory if it is randomly made. It is necessary for the creation of congenial work environment that such derogatory comments are rarely made. Not only the colleagues or managers, sometimes customers also harass a disabled employee. We need to take extra precaution in this regard to check the behavior of all; it is very much in the wider interests of our company . It is our managerial responsibility to ensure that our employees with disabilities get suitable accommodation while performing the assigned work. We need to provide them with all the benefits and privileges of employment. Wherever a disabled employee requires a wheelchair or the provision of a reader or interpreter, it is the management’s responsibility to ensure facilitating him with these facilities . †¢ If an individual is understood to have a physical or mental disability, which is not temporary

Coca Cola Total Rewards Program Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Coca Cola Total Rewards Program - Term Paper Example The Total Rewards Program of the Coca Cola Company includes learning and growth, benefits, compensation, as well as a work atmosphere which is aligned within the structure of their operations. The company believes that encouragement and recognition are instrumental elements of success. The continued success of the Coca Cola Company relies on building their brands, improving their customer service as well as maximizing their company’s value to the shareowners. The company depends on their employees in order to help them attain these objectives. The compensation program of the company is deliberated to help them attract, motivate, and retain their employees. Apart from an hourly remuneration or base pay, staffs are also eligible to take part in the incentive programs that reward group, individual or overall performance of the company.   The Coca Cola Company provides several benefits to their employees. A personal life and gratifying career depend on the continued personal saf ety as well as future financial safety. Due to this reason, the company offers various programs in order to cover retirement, finances, and health. Their plans are designed to be valued by workforce and are competitive in the marketplace as well as are within the means for both the employee and the company. The examples of the plans offered by the Coca Cola Company include vision, medical and dental coverage, disability protection, retirement programs, life insurance, and the saving plans (Hodgetts & Luthans, 1993).

Satisfying Corporate Shareholders or the Stakeholder as Business Essay

Satisfying Corporate Shareholders or the Stakeholder as Business Priority - Essay Example Adam Smith, an 18th Century theorist, proposed his theory of the invisible hand, which essentially states that business’ thirst for profitability will automatically create positive environmental outcomes for society, hence satisfying corporate responsibility toward the betterment of society (Nickels, McHugh & McHugh, 2005). These outcomes include better economic stability for the region in which the firm operates, as well as providing new jobs and better quality products for citizens. When a firm moves its operations from domestic to the foreign, the outcomes, as measured by the invisible hand theory, would indeed be positive for the foreign nation in which the business thrives. However, moving operations out of the domestic environment, especially in times of national economic crisis, only serves to eliminate career positions for already-struggling citizens in the United States, thus corporate expectations for profitability tend to blind businesses from the needs of its poten tial local workforce. This topic is hotly debated today which is quite obvious in the media and with recent activities of striking workers who fight to ensure that jobs stay local by preventing foreign expansion efforts. Today, Adam Smith might attempt to quiet the barrage of social outcry regarding business shifting its operations overseas by stating that the business had, in some fashion, restored health to the local region while it was domestically in place. Thus, corporate proponents of Smith’s theory might suggest that business had performed ethically...

A Critical Analysis of the Government Strategies for Attracting Dissertation

A Critical Analysis of the Government Strategies for Attracting Foreign Direct investment in Saudi Arabia - Dissertation Example FDI potential is measured by comparing the country’s FDI levels to its economic size. In this regard, Saudi Arabia ranked 138th out of 140 countries in terms of its FDI potential (UNCTAD, 2004). Closing the gap between FDI potential and actual FDI performance is very important to Saudi Arabia because under the leadership of King Abdullah, Saudi Arabian officials have made a commitment to attracting FDI to Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia’s economic plans include the construction of large cities and the enhancement of Saudi Arabia’s global competitiveness. These economic strategies necessitate attracting FDI and foreign partnerships (Blanchard, 2009). In its efforts to liberalise FDI entrants Saudi Arabia repealed its previous investment law and replaced it with the Foreign Investment Law 2000. The new law created a new licensing authority for facilitating the processing and approval of FDIs: Saudi Arabia General Investment Authority (SAGIA) (Foreign Investment Law, 200 0). The idea is to make FDI entry easier and to reduce the time involved in establishing FDIs in Saudi Arabia. Additionally, corporate taxes were reduced from 45% to 30% (Hussein, 2009). This research study analyses the regulatory and policy strategies employed by Saudi Arabia to attract FDI inflows and to minimize FDI outflows with a view to identifying the extent to which these strategies are successful and can be improved to close the gap between FDI performance and FDI potential. ... usion 32 Recommendations 32 Conclusion 35 Bibliography 42 Chapter One Introduction to the Study Research Aims/Objectives Saudi Arabia’s new Foreign Investment Law 2000 is a liberalized approach for attracting FDIs. The new 2000 law is arguably a major improvement over its previous investment law. For instance, unlike the previous law, the 2000 law permits foreigners to own property and projects (Foreign Investment Law, 2000). With the creation of SAGIA, FDIs are processed faster and entrants have greater certainty relative to the FDI criteria for. Moreover, together with the European Union (EU), the US, China, Japan, South Africa and Brazil, Saudi Arabia is among the G20 leaders and has demonstrated a commitment to efficiently and effectively regulating its financial markets (Eichengreen & Baldwin, 2008). In the Middle East, Saudi Arabia’s regulation of its financial markets is among the region’s most advanced. Nevertheless, Saudi Arabia’s regulatory frame work contains a number of restrictions that have the potential to negatively influence FDI performance in Saudi Arabia (International Monetary Fund, 2006). The restrictions on FDIs reveal that although, FDI inflows are remarkable, they can be improved. The aims of this research are therefore to: Identify and analyse Saudi Arabia’s FDI regulatory framework with an emphasis on the Investment Law 2000. To identify and analyse the strengths and weaknesses of Saudi Arabia’s FDI regulatory framework. To determine why Saudi Arabia’s FDI performance is not commensurate with its FDI potential. To identify how and why Saudi Arabia’s FDI regulatory framework facilitates the gap between its FDI performance and its FDI potential. To identify Saudi Arabia’s FDI performance trends and its FDI potential. To

A comparison and contrast of the theories of Karl Marx and Friedrich Essay

A comparison and contrast of the theories of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels - Essay Example The theories of Marx and Engels envisage a social order where all mankind could avail of wealth collectively created and live in peace and harmony. Communism they believed was a state where the freedom of the individual was assured and the evils of child labor and illiteracy and miserable condition of he common man would come to an end. It is a tribute to the genius of these two men, that many of their theories have been adopted, bringing in change that has made the world a better place than it was in their time. Karl Marx the German philosopher, economist and revolutionary thinker is best known as the founder of modern socialism and communism. His friend Friedrich Engels, who some people referred to as Marx’s alter ego, was also a revolutionary with ideas similar to those of Marx. These two great thinkers shared their views on capitalism socialism and communism, and, as Engels once commented there was complete agreement in all theoretical fields. Engels collaborated with Marx in writing his famous work Das Kapital which is an analysis of economic and social history; and after his death edited and published the remaining two volumes of the book. Marx and Engels also co-authored The Communist manifesto that lays down the principles of communism and the role of the working class (Proletariat) in overthrowing the yoke of the bourgeoisie (Capitalists). In fact these two men collaborated so closely and their ideas were so much alike that it is often impossible to tell their individual cont ributions apart in their writings. The ideas of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels are commonly referred to as Marxism. The friendship of these two revolutionary thinkers is considered quite remarkable. Marx was a man whose barbed remarks spared neither friend nor foe. His life therefore is a saga of misunderstandings and broken relationships. Yet, his relationship with Engels which began

Hunting life Essay Example for Free

Hunting life Essay Throughout the pastoral poem, there are several different symbols. The symbols I used were deer, dreams and fear. The deer symbolizes a trophy. I used it as a trophy because if you get your winning deer then that means you have gotten out of this small town and moved onto bigger and better things. Another symbol was dreams because the only way to be able to follow your dreams is to actually be successful and get away from the town/area that is holding you back. Last, I used fear because you get scared to actually take control of your future and to take control  of your dreams to get away and be successful in life without being judged or held back. These symbols were used throughout the entire pastoral poem and relate to real life. Death and Mourning The theme that was used in my pastoral poem was death and mourning. Death is used by the symbolization of the deer. Even though the deer did not physically die, it shows the death of getting out of town. Being in this small town shows that you cannot go out and see what you want to see or pursue your dreams because you are stuck. This is causing you to die on the inside. Mourning is incorporated into this pastoral poem by dreading not â€Å"killing† the deer. This is because if you would have just killed it you would be out of this town but now you really are stuck until you â€Å"kill† it. Death and mourning is shown throughout this pastoral poem as the theme. Grove 2 Hunting Life Silence all around deep in the woods. Isolated for the good sitting in my tree stand, Up in the tree stand waiting for my deer,But after several days I am beginning to fear. Aside from the fear, the fear of not getting my deer, I think about life and embrace silence, While dreaming about succeeding as I breathe in the cool air. As I sit in my tree stand I finally think I hear a deer. Slowly I raise the gun to my chin, getting him centered in my sight. That kill shot is right there. I cannot help but to grin because I have been waiting so long. Waiting so long in my tree stand for my deer. So I take a deep breath, let it out and squeeze. Adrenaline has now gotten the best of me. Shaking, thinking and hoping to please, And then I see the monster is instantly down. I fly down my stand, run to his side and kneel in the blood, He is my 10 point prize. But then I realize this is just a dream, The dream of actually getting anywhere. Grove 3 In this town you can only dream, Dream of succeeding and getting away from this life. Silence is always the key, Keep quiet, breathe in the cool air and maybe you will get your prized deer.

Frederick Douglass Primary Analysis Essay Example for Free

Frederick Douglass Primary Analysis Essay Frederick Douglass represents former slaves who become abolitionists after escaping to the north. Douglass uses ethos to speak out for not only all of the slaves in the south, but also to question the irony of the basic principles of liberty and Justice as stated for everyone in the Declaration of Independence, yet not applied to slaves. The sectional crisis in the antebellum era supported Frederick Douglass in his hatred for the cruelties toward blacks, persistence in the abolitionist movement, and the unpatriotic effects slavery has rendered upon the south. As the cotton culture began o grow rapidly, the culture of the slave trade grew with it. Charles Ball shows the audience about the cruelties of the slave trade as he explains his first-hand experience on the horrible Journey after being shipped off, against his will, to South Carolina to work for the cotton fields. Ball comments on his misery during the Journey as so painful both physically and emotionally that he wished to die but, even the wretched privilege of destroying myself was denied me, for I could not shake off my chains, nor move a yard without the consent of my master (Ball, 233). The emotional cars of being ripped away from his family and knowing hes never going to be able to see them again will also haunt Ball and millions of slaves Just like him going through the same experience in the horrors of the slave trade. African American Josiah Henson also shares his experience with the slave trade although unfortunately he was very young when he was put through the agony of being sold off as property at a mere age of five or six. Henson explains himself having to witness the cries of his mother as she is being separated from her children, begging to be able to be bought by the same owner. He not only ignored her cries but instead violently kicked her until she finally crawled away. This was not the first time Henson experienced something so traumatizing at such a young age; he also witnessed his father covered in blood by protecting his mother from the constant beatings of a white man. Because a black man laid his hands on a white man, no matter the reason, resulted in severe punishment in this case it was one hundred lashes on the back and the removal of the right ear. Former slave and abolitionist, Frederick Douglass speaks up for the harsh inequalities of these slaves in the south as he states to his audience hat, There is not a nation on the earth guilty of practices more shocking and bloody than are the people of the United States, at this very hour(Douglass, 387). Having dealt with slavery in the antebellum South before he escaped to the North, Douglasss views on the south continuing to use the practice of slavery is very strong as he is determined to convince all audiences that slavery is inhumane and barbaric. Another faithful abolitionist like Douglass was John Brown. Brown was caught for helping slaves escape to freedom and was executed for his loyalty. Although not as uccessful in his movements as Douglass, Brown still died with the clear conscience of knowing he fought for what he believed in. In his last statement before his execution he explained that he neither committed murder, nor treason as he simply helped save slaves from their miserable fate. Brown uses religion to evoke the emotions of his audiences in that the bible teaches him, all things whatsoever I would that men should do to me, I should do even so to them (Brown, 399). He states to do so. The bold persistence and sacrifices made by abolitionists like Brown and Douglass who are willing to risk their lives to go back into the slave south and help free their brethren escape to the north shows the admirable effects that resulted from the sectional crisis. Douglasss persistence in the abolition movement grew stronger after he witnessed productive efficiency of the North (Levine, 411) without the use of slavery as a tool and still maintaining economic success as stated in Bruce Levines essay on The Economic Divisions That Contributed to Civil War. Douglass refers to the injustice and boasted liberty (Douglass, 387) of the south as an unholy icense (Douglass, 387) as he questions what is the meaning of 4th of July to the American slave. David walker, an African American abolitionist uses religion and the declaration of independence to press a guilty conscience upon those for the slave system. By using religion, walker states that slaves should be treated with equality for Jesus Christ is both their master and blacks were made the same as whites, therefore David Walker states that, America is as much our country as it is yours (Walker, 299). Slavery has rendered unpatriotic effects for the Declaration of Independence clearly tates that all men are created equal, a point not only brought up by David Walker but also by Frederick Douglass as well as he explains the irony in meaning of the 4th of July. It is not only unwelcomed to slaves, but it is also, A day that reveals to him, more than all other days in the year, the gross injustice and cruelty to which he is the constant victim (Douglass, 387). The celebration of Americas independence is Just a reminder to the slave south something they long for more than anything. In Abraham Lincolns rebuttal speech to Stephen Douglass in their positions on slavery, Lincoln tates the moral rights citizens should have and theres no reason as to why slaves are denied the life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness as stated in the Declaration of Independence. Although Lincoln makes sure to not offend the slaveholders in south by stating he is not prejudice against them, but he does believe emancipation should be granted because of our constitutional and moral rights as well as the, love of liberty on the American Continent (Lincoln, 397). Lincoln also mentions that although emancipation will be adopted sometime, freeing all slaves and making them equals ould cause serious collisions, but Douglass states in his call for abolition of slavery that the sooner slavery gets abolished the better. Douglass mentions that it is stated blacks could not take care of themselves if freed to which he responds with, My answer to this is, let him have a fair chance to try it (Douglass, 418). He explains how slaves take care of their masters and themselves and he doesnt see why they wont be able to take care of Just themselves when freed. Douglass believes slavery has, . eaten up and devoured the patriotism of the whole South Douglass, 418). And by getting rid of slavery, the south will still be able to prosper Just as well as the free North has been. The split between the North and South caused abolitionists like Douglass to continuously fght for the freedom among their men for their goal towards a independent, free South as well as the North. All these selfless abolitionists and supporters of a country without slavery, like Frederick Douglass is what ultimately caused the civil war and emancipated the slaves in the south. Although Douglass was fortunate enough to finally escape to the free North and ecame a spokesman for abolition, many were not as lucky as he and were stuck in others who pursues to end slavery a sense of strong brotherhood as they make many sacrifices so that one day they too can celebrate 4th of July with true great patriotism on Americas free land.

Invention Of The Radio | History

Invention Of The Radio | History Many inventions have changed America but perhaps none more than the radio. Most of us take the radio for granted, not taking a second thought when we turn on the radio in our car or in our house. However in the late 1800s wireless communication seemed like a thing from outer space and the only way to communicate with someone over long distances was if there was a telegraph wire going to them. Some scientists thought there must be a way to communicate without wires, and this idea eventually produced the discovery of radio waves and the invention of the radio. The radio was used to great effect by the government who immediately saw the potential in communicating wirelessly. It wasnt long before the radio got into almost every American home where it changed how people relaxed, got information, and listened to music. The radio was a major tool during the Second World War and during the great depression. Without the radio our world would be much different, we wouldnt have microwaves, cord less phones, remote controlled toys, television broadcasts and many other things we take for granted. The true inventor of the radio has been greatly disputed mainly between Nikola Tesla and Guglielmo Marconi who have some of the earliest patents for the radio and did some of the first public displays of radio waves. At the time radio communication was called wireless telegraphy and many scientists around the world including but not limited to Julio Cervera Baviera, Alexander Popov, and Ernest Rutherford were working on it (United States early Radio history). In the end radio technology was a product of several different discoveries done by several great scientists. The base of the invention of the radio is the discovery of radio waves Invention of the radio 4 which are just electromagnetic waves that can transmit sound, pictures and other things Invisibly (The Invention of Radio). Marconi was the first to send radio signals in 1896 and build a working radio. He only sent the encoded signal about one mile but none the less he was the first (history of the radio). Tesla who is also credited with the radio was the first person to draw up a model of a radio however he never actually made a working radio. Marconi further advanced his radio and was able to send a message over long distances (the invention of the radio). Some people think that Nathan B. Stubblefeild a farmer from Kentucky made a radio capable of sending sound four years before Marconi transmitted radio signals. They say that he didnt want to demonstrate his invention to the public out of fear that it might be stolen and when he was found dead in 1929 his radio equipment was missing (The History of Radio). The radio was first thought to be used mainly for land to ship and ship to ship communication which is more like walkie talkies than radio stations. It was used by the coast guard who before radio had been using light signals and homing pigeons for communication. In 1901 radios were set up on five of the Hawaiian Islands and in 1909 Robert E. Peary an arctic explorer radio telegraphed; I found the pole (the invention of radio). The NAVY quickly saw the potential of the radio and put on all of their ship and along the coast line. At this time most radios just sent code or data rather than the sound of pictures were used to today (the golden age of radio). Very few citizens had a radio at this time but this changed dramatically very quickly. Invention of the radio 5 At this time in American history if someone wanted to get some entertainment they had to go out on the town and see a play and if they wanted to hear about what was happening in Washington they had to read a newspaper which wasnt always available. Once the radio found its way into almost every persons home by the 1920s it was an instant hit and everyone was fighting to get on the air and get heard (American radio history). People no longer had to leave their house to be entertained and they could hear about the weather or news from the comfort of their own home. The dust bowl was happening during this radio craze and many families would choose to keep their radio before many other things because it was something that they could sit down around as a family and listen for information about what was happening outside of their world (USA early radio history). They felt that the radio was one way they could have a connection to a world much different or better than theirs (History of the radio). Receiving information wasnt the only thing the radio is good for. There was an explosion of radio drama stations which are much like the modern day soap operas you see on TV. Radio drama was born in 1927 when many radio stations began reading short stories and even writing original scripts for broadcast (A brief history of radio in America). During many radio broadcasts they would play music and in-between the songs they would have people keep up a patter to distract the listener but people started to like these short talking periods. After a while there were just shows where people would act out a script for a story that would progress as the show went on. These radio dramas peeked in the 1940s and have been a dead form entertainment ever since. One thing the radio did for the United States in the early 1900s is it connected the people and the government in a way never before thought of. Most people will read about Invention of the radio 6 Roosevelts fire side chats however there are still some who still remember listening to them. Roosevelt began using the radio to broadcast his himself across the county which let people listen to the actual voice of the president. This doesnt seem like a big deal today since our President is on the news quite often but in the early nineties people only saw pictures and couldnt put a voice to it (How did the radio change America). The radio was a powerful thing, it helped Churchill lead his country through WWII and Hitler would arrest people who listened or promoted radio stations that said things he didnt like (History of the radio). Putting something on the radio wasnt like saying something on television. When ones voice is the only thing the person on the other side gets one must to make every word count. Roosevelt and countless other radio stars couldnt rely on fancy video editing or their looks and body language for catching the interests of their audiences. This form of entertai nment really brought out the best actors and speakers because of the simplicity of it. The radio may well be one of the biggest turning points in America. This is surprising since many of us think of something like the Hadron Collider when scientific turning point is mentioned. However the radio led the way to countless other discoveries and inventions. The radio doesnt have a singular inventor mainly because of the amount of technology that goes into the radio. The first use of the radio was for simple data for naval usage. The radio its self and the ways it was used expanded from the seas to the house hold and every US NAVY boat. Radio not only changed the speed at which we communicate it changed the way people received news, got entertained, and opened jobs for thousands of people in the radio business. Invention of the radio 7 One of the biggest changes the radio had on the world and on the US was the way it changed the way nation leaders communicated with their citizens and how they led them through hard times. Over all the radio has changed the world and the united states in countless ways for ever.

The Implicit Intimacy of Dickinsons Dashes Essay -- Emily Dickinson a

The Implicit Intimacy of Dickinson's Dashes The dash in Emily DickinsonÂ’s poetry, initially edited away as a sign of incompletion, has since come to be seen as crucial to the impact of her poems. Critics have examined the dash from a myriad of angles, viewing it as a rhetorical notation for oral performance, a technique for recreating the rhythm of a telegraph, or a subtraction sign in an underlying mathematical system.1 However, attempting to define DickinsonÂ’s intentions with the dash is clearly speculative given her varied dash-usage; in fact, one scholar illustrated the fallibility of one dash-interpretation by applying it to one of DickinsonÂ’s handwritten cake recipes (Franklin 120). Instead, I begin with the assumption that Ââ€Å"text† as an entity involving both the reading and writing of the material implies a readerÂ’s attempt to recreate the act of writing as well as the writerÂ’s attempt to guide the act of reading. I will focus on the former , given the difficulties surrounding the notion of authorial intention a.k.a. the Death of the Author. Using three familiar Dickinson poems—Ââ€Å"The Brain—is wider than the Sky,† Ââ€Å"The Soul selects her own Society,† and Ââ€Å"This was a Poet—It is that,†Ãƒâ€šÃ¢â‚¬â€I contend that readers can penetrate the double mystery of Emily DickinsonÂ’s reclusive life and lyrically dense poetry by enjoying a sense of intimacy not dependent upon the content of her poems. The source of this intimacy lies in her remarkable punctuation. DickinsonÂ’s unconventionally-positioned dashes form disjunctures and connections in the readerÂ’s understanding that create the impression of following Dickinson through the creative process towards intimacy with the poet herself. This implicit intimacy becomes clear ... ...ickinsonÂ’s highly personal notations. Ironically, what at first seems an idiosyncratic stylistic effect operates to create a deep sense of intimacy between the reader and the creative process of a highly reclusive individual. Far from distancing the reader, the dash actually provides a gateway between the act of reading and the poetÂ’s moment of creation, only possible if we view the text as a shifting co-creation of reader and poet. Works Cited: Edith Wylder, The Last Face: Emily Dickinson's Manuscripts (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1971). Jerusha Hall McCormack, Ââ€Å"Domesticating Delphi: Emily Dickinson and the Electro-Magnetic Telegraph,† American Quarterly 55.4 (2003) 569-601. Michael Theune, Ââ€Å"Â’One and One are One’†¦and Two: An Inquiry into DickinsonÂ’s Use of Mathematical Signs,† The Emily Dickinson Journal 10.1 (2001) 99-116.

Viral Hemorrhagic Fever :: science

Viral Hemorrhagic Fever How would you like it if you died? Well that’s what’s happening to people in Africa. Their families die around them, spreading the deadly disease further into the ecosystem. Killing at will, this potent filovirus sweeps through villages with reckless abandon, destroying anything and everything in it’s way, and then just as mysteriously as it came, it disappears without a trace. Even with our modern technologies, we still don’t really know too much about this death sentence disguised as a virus. In the following, I will do my best to teach you about Ebola, its cousins, where it’s from, possible cures, effects, and so on. If we want to, we can find a cure. We control our destiny, and it’s up to us to find an anecdote to this killing machine. The Ebola virus is a highly contagious filovirus that can be transmitted by re-use of unsterilized syringes, needles, and directly transferring it by contact of bodily fluids that contain high levels, or "bricks" of virus. Aerosol transmission cannot be counted out, but water vapor containing secretions of Ebola are known to spread the infection. Seeing that Ebola can be spread in numerous ways, including being spread from animal to human, and visa-versa, monkey handlers who work with Ebola ridden monkeys have broken out with the infamous hemorragic fever. The animal-to-human spread of the virus has also killed off African tribes that eat animals with high titers of the deadly virus. Ebola is an infectious disease of many faces. It has strains, such as Mayinga, or Cardinal, which are mainly named after people, or places that they are discovered in. Strains are slightly different versions of a certain virus. Ebola’s three types that are known are: Ebola Zaire, Ebola Sudan, and Ebola Reston. Ebola Zaire was first discovered in 1976 in Zaire. It is the deadliest disease of all of the Ebola strains with a 9 out of 10 kill rate (see fig. 1-1). Ebola Sudan kills over 1/2 of the people it comes in contact with. It was discovered in 1976 also. Ebola Reston was named after Reston, Virginia, which had a shipment of cynomolgus macaques, a type of monkey, infect a whole monkey house with Ebola. Ebola Reston has never killed anyone, but it killed 80% of the monkeys that it devastated. Ebola also has a very close cousin, Marburg. Under an electron microscope, they are clearly filoviradae.

Resolving Family Conflict :: essays research papers

Families provide people with an atmosphere in which to live, grow, and develop. A family culture is established by the parents and instilled in the children during their upbringing. A healthy family is a family which follows a set of strong morals, stays loyal to one another, cooperates, and works together to avoid conflict. An environment where there is openness amongst family members is ideal because minds that are open are more susceptible to avoiding conflict than minds that are closed. If conflict gets the best of a family, it has the potential to increase hostility and create remoteness between family members, however, if a family resolves conflict, it can strengthen and enforce the family relationships.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A family must establish a set of values and morals that the members should try to live and abide by. It does not mean writing them down on paper and following them as if they are laws, but it simply means taking a practical approach to raising a family. The best way to ensure that these morals are followed by the children is by having the parents follow them as well. Children learn by modeling the authorities and in every family, the authorities are the parents. The parents are ultimately responsible for their children’s behavior because the children act accordingly to what they are taught and what they witness. If the parents set a bad example for behavior, chances are that the children justify any wrong behavior by arguing that that is how their parents act.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  An important precept that any parent should follow is not to give into temptation. This means being loyal to their partner by not committing acts of adultery. Willy Loman gave into temptation. He did not follow proper morals when his exposure to loneliness got the best of him. His son, Biff, was devastated after he caught his father being disloyal and having an affair behind his mother’s back. The incident scarred Biff for life and at the same time, caused great conflict between him and his father. If Willy would not have even become involved in an affair, his relationship with his son and family could have been more fulfilling. However, Willy was an impulsive, even selfish thinker and he went ahead with having an affair, giving in to temptation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For a parent to have an affair is very risky because it jeopardizes his whole family relationship.

Realism and Liberalism Essay

Realism and Liberalism are two major and dominant theories in global politics. They both have contrasting ideas when dealing with how states should relate to each other. Realism is a conservative and pessimistic theory which states predicts and will act on their national interest regardless of morals. This belief results from people who are selfish and competitive. Realism is a perspective that is dominated by cynicism. Realists place each state in the position of closely observing the actions of their neighbors to resolve problems effectively without regarding moral concerns. Realists only want to maintain their own security. They always want enough power so they can be strong enough to withstand attacks. They believe that the international system is inherently anarchical and cannot really be made peaceful except through power. Realists also do not believe in democratization. Realists also believe that countries will pursue power regardless of being democratic. They believe countrie s will fight for their interests even if they and their opponents are both democracies. Realists claim that only powerful states are true and key actors in international politics. Liberalism is progressive and optimistic. They emphasize that the broad ties among states have both made it difficult to define national interest and decreased the usefulness of military power. Liberals believe that the international system can be manipulated to make peace. Liberals believe in organization like the United Nations. They believe that institutions like that allow various countries to interact in a variety of ways and will lead to less conflict between countries. They also believe in democratizations. They believe that democratic countries will not fight one another. They also believe in non-state actors and their importance. They tend to pay attention to individual leaders and also they give way to non-governmental organizations. Liberals believe military power is not the only form of power. Economic and social power matter a great deal too. Exercising economic power has proven more effective than exercising military power. These theories remind me of a documentary that I watched about Kofi Annan and the theory that he valued. I believe that there is a difference between force and diplomacy. After watching the documentary, I came to a conclusion based on the lectures that Kofi Annan is a liberal. I’m saying this because in the documentary, he states that he speaks for the poor, weak and the voiceless. He explains that he does not have power or any military resources. I also understand that, his influence is based on persuasion and morals but not because he’s the Secretary General. Discussing the September 11th disaster (after), he made it very clear that the United Nations interference was not to side with one team but to create unity amongst all nations. Thus, this eradicates the realist point of view. He stated that the security of every nation was one of the United Nations goals. I think that no other organization can take this job since it’s a very difficult task and it needs a fair and firm leader who will not be bias, or work because of a personal interest. In the documentary, an example on Sesame Street was used to demonstrate how to instill peace amongst individuals, which explained further that its not always about talking or persuasion but it’s the understanding and love that is expressed for one another. From both theories I think it depends on what the person values the most. It’s either their self-interest or the interest of all. For example, Kofi Annan’s documentary made me understand. Bibliography Kofi Annan â€Å" Center of the Storm† PBS

Betrayal Hypothetical

In addition, I will discuss this as it retains to utilitarianism, egoism, and Interpretations of the â€Å"Golden Rule† from Hinduism, Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, and Confucianism. I will also discuss the results by the application to the facts and consider the questions: Was It right for you to forge your client's signature on the register? Would your answer be the same if the client was your child, spouse, or parent? And communicate the positive and negative outcomes of each solution. For me, the level of my relationship with Jane would determine my action.This along with social capital would establish Lorraine of risk, along with accepting Cane's story as the undeniable truth. Social capital Is a reflection of value Invested In a relationship. Tolerance. Com defines Social Capital as: An economic idea that refers to the connections between individuals and entities that can be economically valuable. Social networks that include people who trust and assist each ot her can be a powerful asset. These relationships between individuals and firms can lead to a state in which each will think of the other when something needs to be done.Along with economic capital, social capital is a valuable mechanism In economic growth. Networking Guru Ivan Imines relationships are divided into 3 levels: visibility, creditability, and profitability (PVC Process). In this model relationships are taken through a sequential process begin at visibility, establishment of creditability and development into profitability. Evidence of this type of relationship can be found with Dry Conrad Murray and Michael Jackson and Arthur Anderson and Enron.In both situations social capital along with fear of loss Influenced the Judgment of the reflections and lead to a willingness to bend rules and break laws. This economic idea coexists with the psychological concept of rule of reciprocity and its spiritual counterpart â€Å"the golden rule†. The rule of reciprocity refers t o responding to a positive action with another positive action, in other words rewarding kindness with kindness. This is highly used in advertising along with sales training course.In advertising and sales we are taught that If we can give an Individual something of value, they feel morally obligated to return something of value. The â€Å"golden rule† as fined in Christian theology is â€Å"do unto others as you would have them do unto you†. This can also be found universally in theology around the world. In eastern philosophy the â€Å"golden rule† is known as karma. Egoism believes that human beings by nature are self-fish. In the case of Jane if I applied egoism it would be in my best interest to not break the law to assist the client. To come to this conclusion I did a cost/benefit analysis of the situation.The cost of forging the document Is potentially addition, if I am caught the client my still be punished. The benefit of forging the document is that an innocent person would not potentially receive the death penalty. In the philosophy of utilitarianism I would need to consider my moral obligation to Jane. IT would be my duty to do everything â€Å"legally' within my power to keep her from being found guilty. In this instance I would need to find an alternative solution because forging and document and lying about it is illegal. If the client was a child, spouse, or parent I would feel different about forging the document.

Sweet Basil Marketing Plan

In order to Increase market share and sales, Sweet Basil will target dine-in, take-out, and take-n-bake pizza lovers In the cities of Treated, Rewind, USA, and Monrovia. The strategies for increasing sales are to first penetrate new markets, then increase usage and size of customer orders. This will be conducted through unbeatable value and the finest ingredients that cannot be received anywhere else in the area. The marketing mix for Sweet Basil will consist of mobile marketing, flyer distribution, a website, social media outlets, television advertising and email newsletters.The objectives for many of these avenues are to provide coupons and discounts as well as gain consumer loyalty. The business does a great Job already with returning patrons so it is time to focus energy on effectively penetrating new markets. Sweet Basil will look to Increase sales by 40% or $110,400 and achieve a market share of 30% In Treated and 20% In the surrounding clues. This will ensure success and will provide a break even before the first 6 months. 2. 0 Situation Analysis Currently, the economic market condition in the united States and California is primarily recession.Overall, the pizza business is doing k. Tit flat sales of about $38 billion for the past 3 years (Kara 2011). Consumers are becoming much more particular when it comes to value and where they spend their hard earned money. Sweet Basil pizzeria is doing quite well during the recession but it is having trouble inquiring new consumers. Prices of flour, produce, and cheese are on the rise so It Is important to Increase business and revenue to cover these associated costs. These forces are uncontrollable In the macro environment along with the rising unemployment from the recession.It is important to instill value and personalized maintain/increase repeat customers. There are many successful dine-in and take- out pizza companies that fail to provide the opportunity for consumers to purchase take-n-bake pizzas. Consumer s are going to ultimately purchase from the establishment that provides the best value and quality mixture. Sweet Basil offers dine-in, take-out, and take-n-bake pizzas, leaving the delivery market to competitors. With this in mind, Sweet Basil is very capable of increasing sales with the development of take-n-bake pizzas and a solid marketing strategy. 2. Market Summary Sweet Basil Pizzeria is an extremely reputable pizzeria in the city of Treated, California. Besides being well known, Sweet Basil also maintains a strong competitive advantage with its owner, James Decrease, being a hotel restaurant management graduate from Purdue University and restaurant industry veteran for well over 25 years. James has been able to carefully select his target market due to his extensive industry experience. As mentioned before, the current pizza market is motionless at around $38 billion per year, which isn't so bad considering worldwide market conditions.Many loyal customers have been moving du e to rising foreclosure rates and this hurts return business. An astonishing 93% of Americans eat pizza at least once a month and approximately 3 billion pizzas are sold every year (Hinkle 2009). This leaves plenty of room for competition and growth for Sweet Basil take-n-bake pizzas in the current market. Even though Sweet Basil's target market demographics is tailored to consumers in the San Gabriel Valley and surrounding areas in southern California, we reserve the right to increase the area if growth is substantial.The average salary of southern California Jobs is $55,000 a year (Simply Hired 2011), which leaves plenty disposable income for the on-the-go working class individual. Many consumers in southern California lead extremely busy lifestyles, which makes it hard to cook for a family. There are currently seven pizza restaurants/parlors in Treated, California. None of these pizza establishments offer take-n-bake pizzas for sale, so the only real competition is frozen pizzas at the super market. Our consumers enjoy high quality pizza with fresh ingredients at an affordable price.This provides incredible value to the customer and a much better alternative to people having to bake store bought frozen pizzas. Sweet Basil provides its customers with an extensive value for their hard earned none. Consumers choose Sweet Basil pizza because we serve their needs through our unique ingredients and fresh homemade sauce and dough. People want more than Just a bland, regular tasting pizza and we tailor our unique blend of basil, garlic, and oregano to pizza lovers throughout the Los Angels area.Sweet Basil serves over 10 different types of specialty pizzas creating enjoyment for all types of palettes. Our pizza can be picked up with no wait and is never sold unless it has been made within 7 days to increase the quality that you'll find in the frozen section of the super markets. Since no other pizza establishments in Treated offer take-n-bake style pizzas, we will be able to control the market for consumers that are looking for a fresh alternative. Nearly every single frozen pizza brand from Disgorging to Stouffer increased it's sales in the 52 weeks between summer 2009-2010 (BIB International 2010).Disgorging made the most out of the entire top 10 frozen pizzas in 2010 Digestion's sales throughout the world, it's important to notice that they increased sales from 2009 to 2010 and that the market doesn't show any signs of decreasing. Pizza is an American tradition that most people love to eat and Sweet Basil's quality ND delicious ingredients create the competitive advantage. 2. 2 SOOT Analysis * Strengths: Sweet Basil's strengths consist of a number of things currently going into the take-n-bake market.For one, Sweet Basil is the only pizzeria that currently offers take-n-bake pizzas; the competition is very minimal other than store bought frozen pizzas. Second, Sweet Basil has a stellar reputation amongst the surrounding community, catering to schools and businesses reaching new customers daily. Sweet Basil only uses the freshest ingredients and everything is homemade including the bread and delicious sauce. The pizzeria is located in a prime location, right next too Seven-Eleven, getting optimal exposure from the public. Weaknesses: Currently there are a couple of solid weaknesses that can cause some undesired hurdles for Sweet Basil's take-n-bake pizzas. First off, Sweet Basil has not done any marketing yet for the new take-n-bake concept and all of the marketing in the past has been through word of mouth solely. Another weakness is that consumers are already familiar with the competition and that could make it very difficult to market to consumers that haven't tried Sweet Basil pizza before. Finally, Sweet Basil pizzeria doesn't have any distribution outlets other than the restaurant located in the city of Treated and delivery is not offered.These issues certainly need to be addressed and solved so that they don't affect Sweet Basil pizzeria negatively. * Opportunities: While pizza continues to be popular in America, it is evolving. Fierce discounting and coupling by top players has squeezed other pizza Sellers (Kara 2011). This leaves a great opportunity for Sweet Basil to offer coupons and discounts through a variety of medias and advertising. Another opportunity is that the market appears to be very teddy for take-n-bake/frozen pizza purchases. This can certainly provide Sweet Basil with a chance to reap some of the market share with its high quality, affordable pizzas.Second, Sweet Basil's take-n-bake pizzas don't use up any additional resources or time than their freshly made take-out or dine-in pizzas, making start up costs insignificant. One possibility in the future could be to contract with grocery store chains to offer frozen pizzas more conveniently to consumers. Sweet Basil can increase revenue by attracting customers that don't live close to the pizzeria or prefer o make pizzas a t their own home. * Threats: Potential threats for Sweet Basil include possible competition from neighboring pizzerias in the area should they decide to start a take-n-bake operation.Another possible threat could be an increase in direct and indirect costs such as electricity for freezing the take-n-bake pizzas. An increase in gas prices could also be a possible threat for sales of pizza because consumers may not be willing to drive to the pizzeria. An increase in labor costs due to the slightly complex routine behind making take-n-bake pizzas ready for customers. 2. Competition As briefly stated earlier, there are currently 5 other pizza restaurants in Treated and we compete for pizza loving customers on a regular basis.These competitors great sum of customers that can be earned with the proper marketing campaign. The seven places to get pizza in Treated are Pizza Hut, Domino's, Hungry Hosier's Pizza, Treated Pizza Co. , Little Caesar, Flying Pizza, and Cost (which is Sweet Basil's only real take-n-bake competition other than grocery store brands). People can purchase freshly made pizza to order at all of these establishments, but these competitors eave not developed a take-n-bake concept yet. This leaves the market wide open for Sweet Basil to compete with better-known chains such as Cost and grocery store brands.The seven pizza establishments in Treated do not pose as much threat to Sweet Basil's Take-n-Bake pizzas as the store bought brands and Cost pizza. When considering true competition it is important to observe the characteristics of the take- n-bake pizza that Sweet Basil will offer. The pizzas are going to be 16†³ in length, which is fairly large for take-n-bake pizza. This means that single-serve frozen pizza sonnets really pose a significant threat because we are marketing to larger parties and families who are constantly on the go. Sweet Basil's large 14†³ pizzas will come with a variety of toppings.With this in mind the only store boug ht competitors that are offered at nearly all super markets are Disgorging, Tombstone, Red Baron, California Pizza Kitchen, Freshest, and Tony's (BIB International 2011) in order of popularity/sales. The other main competitor that Sweet Basil has to beware of that is gaining popularity is Cost's take-n-bake frozen pizzas because they offer more rationalized service and quality than the other brands. Cost pizzas are also larger in size (16†³) and cost a little more than the other brands (Cost 2011). 2. Product Offering The new product offering of Sweet Basil Pizzeria is very concise and direct. The take-n-bake pizzas will only be offered in the 14†³ size and will consist of only five different varieties such as pepperoni pizza, cheese pizza, vegetarian pizza, Sweet Basil Favorite (all combo toppings), and BBC pizza. All of these pizzas are made with the finest local produce from Mike's Foods and ingredients provided from JACM DOD service distribution. Sweet Basil Pizza will be extremely fresh, having been made within a week from the date of purchase.Customers can feel assured they are getting a high-quality pizza with greater freshness than any other brand currently in the target market. Valued consumers will also be able to call in orders if they require special toppings or especially large orders. Consumers will also be able to purchase packets of our most popular ingredient â€Å"Sweet Basil†, which is a combination of secret spices containing garlic and basil. This mixture is absolutely delicious and makes any pizza caste even better than it normally would. 2. Keys to Success The major factors that will make Sweet Basil a huge success among the competition in the Los Angels area is our stellar personalized service, finest ingredients, competitive price, and homemade sauce/dough recipe. Personalized service and quality/recipes are the main advantages that Sweet Basil Pizzeria is aiming to use as their competitive advantage. Sweet Basil alrea dy has a considerable customer dimension from its fourteen years of success and this must keeping up to date with ingredient costs, researching local stores and purveyors to ampere value/price mixtures.According to the National Restaurant Association, the top trend right now is locally grown produce (Stevenson 2010). Sweet Basil only purchases the finest, locally grown produce from Mike's Foods in Treated. The new take-n-bake product that sweet basil offers is no more expensive than providing it's everyday to-go pizzas to valued customers. This makes the overall product cost extremely low and creates a major factor in the success of this new idea for Sweet Basil Pizza. The pizza and restaurant business is a difficult industry to tackle; product/industry knowledge is a necessity to succeed.Sweet Basil is always staying familiar and up to date with current practices in order to remain competitive. This factor is something that Sweet Basil will surely continue to practice and exploit. Continued customer satisfaction is a concept that Sweet Basil will continue to present to its valued patrons. 2. 6. Critical Issues As a pre-established company, Sweet Basil maintains an exceptional product, gaining return customers and recognition daily. The major critical issues for Sweet Basil is to: * Gain market exposure- Sweet Basil doesn't currently spend any money on marketing to Treated or its surrounding cities.Word of mouth from satisfied customers is a great type of free marketing but it doesn't increase quickly enough. Sweet Basil will now be able to offer a product to customers that live further away; therefore, it should target more customers using different avenues of marketing. Train additional staff- training is a 2-3 month period depending on the speed of the employee and this could slow the business down if not forecasted properly. Since Sweet Basil doesn't deliver, it is currently run with no more than 2 employees at a time.If customers and sales increase signif icantly, sustainability will rely on the ark force. New hiring measure may be needed. * Monitoring quality assurance and customer service- the pizzeria must maintain a reputable amount of quality and service in order to ensure that the growth strategy doesn't Jeopardize the current benchmark. Quality will be monitored by gaining feedback from customers and allowing them to offer suggestions through questionnaires. * Expansion- expanding through the creation of additional parlors in Dearth's surrounding cities may be a necessity if it proves both profitable and sustainable.This is more off long-term critical issue but must be recognized nonetheless. . 0 Marketing Strategy The primary target for Sweet Basil's marketing strategy will be towards households and businesses in the cities of Treated, Monrovia, USA, and Rewind. Americans love pizza and it is clear that everyone in these cities should be marketed because of pizza's popularity and sustained growth throughout past years. For no w, Sweet Basil only offers take-out, dine-in, and take-n-bake services to its patrons, which leaves delivery open to competition.Sweet Basil realizes that they can serve 65-70% of Pizza Power Report). Undoubtedly there is a substantial amount of market share that an be earned with the proper market-challenger attack strategies. Sweet Basil anticipates being able to sell more pizza to current customers, sell to market segments that have not previously been targeted, and gain a higher market penetration. Word of mouth advertising has been Sweet Basil's sole source of advertising for the past fourteen years and now the time has come to try a new initiative to increase growth and profits.Although word of mouth advertising is extremely effective and well trusted from consumers, Sweet Basil finds that most loyal clients did not hear about the pizzeria until the first couple years of residing in Treated. With this in mind, the pizzeria will kick off some new marketing strategies to increas e its overall exposure to the businesses and households in its target market. Sweet Basil will look to gain new customers through new-market segment strategies.More consumers need to be aware of Sweet Basil's unparalleled service and great tasting pizza; word of mouth advertising will not penetrate as many consumers as supplementary advertising. Sweet Basil also looks to engage in encirclement attacks throughout the before-mentioned cities in order to gain exposure into some of the competition's territory. Finally, Joint partnership advertising will be conducted to decrease overall advertising costs. Paper flyers will be attached to every take-out box, promoting take-n-bake pizza to current patrons, which well result in increased usage.Flyers that include coupons will be served to residential and commercial properties in order to increase new customers. This will help Sweet Basil primarily increase sales over time but will also help in gaining exposure to the target market. A recent study shows that 46% of pizza consumers report that coupons or promotions influence where they decide to purchase their pizza (Barrett, 2010 Pizza Power Report). If these statistics prove to be true, Sweet Basil will surely be able to earn new business amongst the community.Sweet Basil will also exploit other forms of integrated marketing communications through website development, mass SMS marketing to loyal patrons, and usage of social media platforms. The website will allow consumers to view the menu and leave comments, questions, and concerns, which will be viewable for everyone to see. Catering is a huge source of Sweet Basil's success and consumers will be able to navigate through catering options and information. People will also be able to add themselves onto the weekly email that will be sent out to include coupons and special promotions.This will help Sweet Basil in obtaining more market exposure to current and new clientele. â€Å"With so many people now using the Inter net to search for products and services it is now acknowledged that having a business website is Just about as essential as having a telephone† (Touched, 2001). Sweet Basil will also utilize mass text message marketing in order to promote specials and promos that are offered each week. This will be initiated using Decontrolling. Mom to ensure that these messages can be sent every other week to market different promos and special items to consumers.Each customer will be asked if they would like to receive promotion emails and text messages from Sweet Basil. The success rate for permission based mobile marketing campaigns is around 25% Oarfish, 2006). This will ensure seamless impersonal communication to Sweet Basil's loyal patrons. Lastly, Sweet Basil's marketing include the development of a Faceable, Namespace, and Twitter account so loyal patrons can feel more united with Sweet Basil's service and undeniable quality food. The Namespace and Faceable pages will allow customers to view the menu and catering options that Sweet Basil offers.This type of marketing is virtually free although it is time consuming to continuously update. Sweet Basil will also utilize cable television marketing in order to market to new customers. Advertising will only be targeted to Time Warner Cable's Foothills and West Covina coverage areas in the San Gabriel Valley (Coverage Area 2011). Mostly sports programs on ESP. and popular shows on Bravo will be targeted to enhance Sweet Basil's exposure to their target market. This will be exercised during the first 90 days of marketing plan.All of these integrated marketing communications will allow Sweet Basil to reach a large market of new consumers as well as continue to gain increased business with existing patrons. These marketing strategies were also selected due to their low cost and minimal time consumption required. 3. 1 Mission Statement â€Å"We exist to provide the best quality dine-in, take-out, and take-n-bake pizza to the Route 66 communities of the San Gabriel Valley. This will be accomplished through unmatched customer service, value, and great tasting pizza; creating a memorable experience for all to enjoy'. 3. Marketing Objectives Sweet Basil will achieve a few concrete objectives through its current and future marketing actions. The first and most crucial goal for the pizzeria is to conduct new- market segment strategies in order to earn new customers throughout Treated, Monrovia, USA, and Rewind. This strategy will be initiated immediately at the start of Quarter 2 this year now that Sweet Basil's take-n-bake pizzas are now in production. The target market objective is to increase overall market share, earn new customers, and amplify purchases to increase sales by 40% from now throughApril 2012. Collectively, Sweet Basil seeks to increase overall market share to 25% of all dine-in, take-out, and take-n-bake purchases in Treated and 13% of market share from Monrovia, Rewind, and USA. This al so includes 15% market share transactions from employees of local businesses in Treated and Rewind as well as 25% market share to households in Treated, Rewind, Monrovia, and USA. In order to accomplish these goals, Sweet Basil will have to gain at least 30 new customers every week on average and the goal is to be able to retain 90% of them.This strategy ill allow the pizzeria to maintain strong, positive growth each quarter through it's increasing customers. Another objective is increasing consumer usage to where customers are purchasing Sweet Basil products at least one more time per week. This will include increasing the purchase volume of each consumer as well. New consumers will be able to be measured by asking them how they heard about Sweet Basil to begin with and afterwards asking them if they would like to receive coupons and promotions by email and text in the future. Sweet Basil's target is to achieve the before mentioned market share by the end of 2012.Sweet Basil will a lso set promotional objectives in order to reach new customers through brand and company awareness as well as implementing strategic sales promotions. Millennial will information through word of mouth (Mr.. Youth, 2011). A major objective will be to grow the pizzeria's followers on Faceable and Namespace to 750 people by the end of 2011 to engage in more promotional initiatives. Seasonal and promotional entrees will be posted on these social media sites every other week to maintain consumer usage. The address, phone number, menu, and catering options will all be included n these sites as well.Sweet Basil will be hiring an individual to hand out door flyers to residential households and businesses in the cities of Treated, USA, Rewind, and Monrovia (starting in the city of Treated). This marketing effort will be conducted every Wednesday and Thursday from am to pm for the residential areas and every Monday for local businesses. Similar flyers will be on every take-out pizza box as we ll to notify customers of the option to purchase take-n-bake pizzas. No additional employees would have to be hired for the business as long as business doesn't increase more than 50%.The flyers will include specials and combos that can be purchased in exchange for the coupon on the flyer. Each flyer will have a coupon to receive 1 free slice with a purchase of any take-n-bake pizza. The flyers will also contain a coupon to purchase a take-n-bake pizza for 25% off. Additional specials will be included on the flyer and sponsors will be able to advertise on the other half of the flyer. The sponsors will incur all costs for the production of the flyers and will also include Sweet Basil's website, Faceable, Namespace, and Twitter information for nonusers..These flyers will be very similar to the email and text messaging blasts that Sweet Basil will be conducting every other month. Sweet Basil will look to enhance partnership efforts with local businesses, schools, cities, and clubs in o rder to increase exposure and maintain growth. Catering services and pizza specials will be offered for discount prices depending on the size and occasion of the order. Sweet Basil looks to increase its catering by 5% to businesses and residential areas. This will also help Sweet Basil gain more exposure and market share from satisfied customers. 3.Financial Objectives Sweet Basil will be targeting a number of sound financial objectives in order to increase profits and sustainability. As stated in the marketing objectives, increasing sales by 40% during the first 365 days is the target for Sweet Basil. Overall, Sweet Basil aspires to collectively reach 30% market share for Dearth's dine-in, take out, and take n bake pizza sales by the end of 2012. The goal for Rewind, USA, and Monrovia will be 20% overall market share. Currently, Sweet Basil obtains 30% of it's business from take out orders, 50% from dine in business, and 20% from catering.With the current market conditions, Sweet B asil's overall gross income amounts to $23,000 on average per month. The gross income should amount to at least $32,200 per month on average by April 2012 in order to realize a successful marketing plan. This would amount to an extra $110,400 in gross income a year, which would only be substantial if costs remained low. Sweet Basil doesn't require hiring an extra employee for the additional expected business so long as it doesn't exceed a 50% sales increase. Social media sites such as Faceable, Namespace, and Twitter are free which makes it a valuable marketing source financially.Sweet Basil will be using decontrolling. Com to send out SMS blasts including specials and deals for and allows for 5,000 customers to be included. The annual cost for this service then amounts to $960/year while emails are virtually free to send to loyal subscribed customers. Sweet Basil's website will be created for $1000 through a current part- time employee that is also going to school for web design. T his will be built during slow business hours at the restaurant to decrease hourly costs for the web development. The web domain will cost around $100 dollars a year to maintain.One f the expensive strategies for Sweet Basil Pizza is the cost of hiring on an employee to work Monday, Wednesday, and Thursday for 24 hours a week handing out flyers. The employee will be paid $8/her, so the annual cost will come out to about $12,000 if gas costs are associated. The flyers will be free to Sweet Basil because the sponsors will incur that cost. The most expensive marketing source will be advertising on Time Warner Cable during the first 90 days of marketing plan initiation. As mentioned earlier, only ESP. and Bravo will be targeted and we will run 4 commercials per day on both networks.With a cost of $40 per spot, Sweet Basil will incur a total cost of $28,800 Just in television advertising costs. An increase in sales will not result in a significant increase in utilities since the restauran t hours will remain the same and because the pizza oven is always left on. The cost of running the oven 2417 isn't much different from the cost of turning it off at night and the oven takes an hour to warm up to 600 degrees when opening in the morning. After all the costs are subtracted, Sweet Basil can make a return of $67,540 but the increase of ingredients, labor, and materials have not been subtracted from this mount.All of the before mentioned other than pizza ingredients and material will remain the same regardless off 40% increase in sales. 3. 4 Target Markets As stated earlier, Sweet Basil's target market will consist of all pizza lovers in the Route 66 cities of the San Gabriel Valley. In recent studies, 93% of Americans eat pizza at least 1 time a month, (Pizza Plan, 2011) which means there is a sizeable target market for Sweet Basil to penetrate. There are 21,782 residents in Treated, 46,672 in USA, 37,523 in Monrovia, and 1,433 in Rewind, which brings a total consumer ma rket of close to 110,000 people (city-data, 2009).Rewind consists of businesses for the most part, which gives Sweet Basil an opportunity to increase dine-in sales to workers during the day and catering services for luncheons and special events. Consumers report that 45% of restaurant pizza orders are for take- out and 20% of orders are for dine in (Barrett, 2010). The general strategy for Sweet Basil will be â€Å"differentiation† as described in Porter's generic strategies (Marketing Management, 2009). Sweet Basil offers an incomparable product compared to the rest because they use the best and highest quality ingredients while having the nines recipes.The key source of this distinction is the â€Å"sweet basil powder† that patrons can top on their pizza after it is made. Take-n-bake pizza is not offered in any other restaurants in the area other than Sweet Basil, which gives them an advantage for consumers that want a more unique taste. Consumers have a need for gre at tasting quality pizza that can be purchased right when they want it with little wait time and low cost. Sweet Basil certainly meets this need with the before mentioned points of difference and being able to dine-in and take-out as well. ND be out quicker than if they purchased fast food.Many consumers like driving by on their way home from work to get a late night special $6 one topping pizza that is hot and ready between 6-pm to feed their family after a busy workday. Others choose to stock up on take-n-bake frozen pizzas to serve at their convenience. Catering services are offered to businesses and patrons that have the need to feed a large event or party and a much more extensive menu is offered in order to add variety. Sweet Basil patrons range from all ages and nationalities, which is the advantage of offering a product that 93% of people engage in at least once a month.Pizza is also a relatively inexpensive way to feed a family and large parties of people in residential are as. This makes pizza ideal for people that are currently affected by the downfall of the economy and increases in unemployment. High school kids and local workers are a major part of the afternoon dine-in business that Sweet Basil receives during the week. Nearly 95% of Sweet Basil's business comes from returning customers, which proves that there is room for new customers. This also roves that the product tastes great and has an eminent price-quality comparison. . 5 Positioning Nearly all Americans enjoy eating pizza because it is a delicious and quick meal, which gives Sweet Basil an advantage over selling other products. In a recent survey initiated by Technetium, results show that 68% of those that have children 18 and under living in their household say that pizza occasions usually involve children (Barrett, 2010). This shows that pizza is a very popular amongst families but Sweet Basil does well with single person households and local workers since pizza is sold by he slice un til pm.This also helps in closing the gap for Sweet Basil's consumers and leaves only those that prefer ordering their pizza and having it delivered. Sweet Basil is not trying to offer delivery service any time soon, but many patrons prefer Just coming in to take-out their pizza rather than ordering delivered pizza from a competitor. This is exactly how Sweet Basil positions itself to consumers; the prices are low and affordable, the quality of food and flavor is unrivaled, and the experience is optimal. As mentioned earlier, â€Å"Sweet Basil† powder adds for a uniqueness that ant be tasted anywhere else which positions the business very well.All pizzas are created from scratch, using a large mixer for dough and fresh store bought produce, meats, and ingredients from local purveyors. Pricing strategies are used as well to effectively position Sweet Basil's food offerings. Sweet Basil sells pizza by the slice for only $1 where other companies may charge up to $3/slice. Sweet Basil also sells its large one topping take-out, dine-in, and take-n-bake pizzas for $8, which is a phenomenal value considering all of the top grade ingredients used.This creates a rice-quality comparison that isn't reciprocated from any competitors in the target market. Sweet Basil is able to position itself to a completely new market with the recent creation of its take-n-bake pizza. Minute reports that frozen pizza can be found in 66% of all households (Barrett, 2010), which gives Sweet Basil a nice competitive advantage over other pizza businesses in the San Gabriel Valley. Sweet Basil notices possible opportunities if they were to contract and create partnerships with local grocery stores and markets. Another possible opportunity in the future would be to

Detailed procedures and results of the experiment on the determination of the density of kerosene (dpk), petrol (pms), crude oil and soap solution

Density determination by pycnometer is a very precise method. It uses a working liquid with well-known density, such as water. For the purpose of this experiment, distilled water was used. The pycnometer is a glass flask with a close-fitting ground glass stopper with a capillary hole through it. This fine hole releases a spare liquid after closing a top-filled pycnometer and allows for obtaining a given volume of measured and/or working liquid with a high accuracy. The mass density or density of a material is defined as its mass per unit volume. The symbol most often used for density is Ï  (the lower case Greek letter rho). In some cases (for instance, in the United States oil and gas industry), density is also defined as its weight per unit volume;[1] although, this quantity is more properly called specific weight. Different materials usually have different densities, so density is an important concept regarding buoyancy, purity and packaging. Osmium and iridium are the densest known metal elements at standard conditions for temperature and pressure but not the densest materials. Less dense fluids float on more dense fluids if they do not mix. This concept can be extended, with some care, to less dense solids floating on more dense fluids. If the average density (including any air below the waterline) of an object is less than water (1000 kg/m3) it will float in water and if it is more than water's it will sink in water. In some cases density is expressed as the dimensionless quantities specific gravity (SG) or relative density (RD), in which case it is expressed in multiples of the density of some other standard material, usually water or air/gas. (For example, a specific gravity less than one means that the substance floats in water.) The mass density of a material varies with temperature and pressure. (The variance is typically small for solids and liquids and much greater for gasses.) Increasing the pressure on an object decreases the volume of the object and therefore increase its density. Increasing the temperature of a substance (with some exceptions) decreases its density by increasing the volume of that substance. In most materials, heating the bottom of a fluid results in convection of the heat from bottom to top of the fluid due to the decrease of the density of the heated fluid. This causes it to rise relative to more dense unheated material. The reciprocal of the density of a substance is called its specific volume, a representation commonly used in thermodynamics. Density is an intensive property in that increasing the amount of a substance does not increase its density; rather it increases its mass. Changes of density In general, density can be changed by changing either the pressure or the temperature. Increasing the pressure always increases the density of a material. Increasing the temperature generally decreases the density, but there are notable exceptions to this generalization. For example, the density of water increases between its melting point at 0  °C and 4  °C; similar behavior is observed in silicon at low temperatures. The effect of pressure and temperature on the densities of liquids and solids is small. The compressibility for a typical liquid or solid is 10−6 bar−1 (1 bar=0.1 MPa) and a typical thermal expansivity is 10−5 K−1. This roughly translates into needing around ten thousand times atmospheric pressure to reduce the volume of a substance by one percent. (Although the pressures needed may be around a thousand times smaller for sandy soil and some clays.) A one percent expansion of volume typically requires a temperature increase on the order of thousands of degrees Celsius. CHAPTER TWO Theory: Archimedes’ Principle states that any object completely or partially submerged in a fluid is buoyed up by a force with magnitude equal to the weight of the weight of the fluid displaced by the object: B = Ï fluid Vfluid g , where Ï fluid is the density of the fluid and Vfluid is the volume of the displaced fluid. In this lab, all the forces and weights are measured in the unit of grams using the triple beam balance, then the above equation becomes: B = Ï fluid Vfluid . When measuring the weight of an object completely submerged in a fluid,the volume of the displaced fluid is equal to the volume of the object, and the reading on the balance ( Win-fluid), the buoyant force, and its weight in air (Win-air) should satisfy the following equation: B = Win-air – Win-fluid = Ï fluid Vobject . Thus, the volume of the object can be determined as: Vobject = (Win-air – Win-fluid)/ Ï fluid , and the density and the specific gravity of the object are, respectively: Ï object = Win-air / Vobject = Ï fluid Win-air / (Win-air – Win-fluid), s.g. = Ï object / Ï water . Mathematically, density is defined as mass divided by volume: where Ï  is the density, m is the mass, and V is the volume. From this equation, mass density must have units of a unit of mass per unit of volume. As there are many units of mass and volume covering many different magnitudes there are a large number of units for mass density in use. The SI unit of kilogram per cubic metre (kg/m ³) and the cgs unit of gram per cubic centimetre (g/cm ³) are probably the most common used units for density. (The cubic centimeter can be alternately called a millilitre or a cc.) 1000kg/m ³ equals one g/cm ³. In industry, other larger or smaller units of mass and or volume are often more practical and US customary units may be used. See below for a list of some of the most common units of density. Further, density may be expressed in terms of weight density (the weight of the material per unit volume) or as a ratio of the density with the density of a common material such as air or water. Measurement of density The density at any point of a homogeneous object equals its total mass divided by its total volume. The mass is normally measured with an appropriate scale or balance; the volume may be measured directly (from the geometry of the object) or by the displacement of a fluid. For determining the density of a liquid or a gas, a hydrometer or dasymeter may be used, respectively. Similarly, hydrostatic weighing uses the displacement of water due to a submerged object to determine the density of the object. If the body is not homogeneous, then the density is a function of the position. In that case the density around any given location is determined by calculating the density of a small volume around that location. In the limit of an infinitesimal volume the density of an inhomogeneous object at a point becomes: Ï (r)= dm/dV, where dV is an elementary volume at position r. The mass of the body then can be expressed as Density of solutions The density of a solution is the sum of mass (massic) concentrations of the components of that solution. Mass (massic) concentration of a given component Ï i in a solution can be called partial density of that component. Expressed as a function of the densities of pure components of the mixture and their volume participation, it reads: Density of composite material In the United States, ASTM specification D792-00[11] describes the steps to calculate the density of a composite material. where: Ï  is the density of the composite material, in g/cm3 and Wa is the weight of the specimen when hung in the air Ww is the weight of the partly immersed wire holding the specimen WbÏ  is the weight of the specimen when immersed fully in distilled water, along with the partly immersed wire holding the specimen is the density in g/cm3 of the distilled water at testing temperature (for example 0.9975 g/cm3 at 23  °C) common units The SI unit for density is: kilograms per cubic metre (kg/m ³) Litres and metric tons are not part of the SI, but are acceptable for use with it, leading to the following units: kilograms per litre (kg/L) grams per millilitre (g/mL) metric tons per cubic metre (t/m ³) Densities using the following metric units all have exactly the same numerical value, one thousandth of the value in (kg/m ³). Liquid water has a density of about 1 kg/dm ³, making any of these SI units numerically convenient to use as most solids and liquids have densities between 0.1 and 20 kg/dm ³. kilograms per cubic decimetre (kg/dm ³) grams per cubic centimetre (g/cc, gm/cc or g/cm ³) megagrams per cubic metre (Mg/m ³) Specific gravity is the ratio of the density (mass of a unit volume) of a substance to the density (mass of the same unit volume) of a reference substance. Apparent specific gravity is the ratio of the weight of a volume of the substance to the weight of an equal volume of the reference substance. The reference substance is nearly always water for liquids or air for gases. Temperature and pressure must be specified for both the sample and the reference. Pressure is nearly always 1 atm equal to 101.325 kPa. Temperatures for both sample and reference vary from industry to industry. In British brewing practice the specific gravity as specified above is multiplied by 1000.[1] Specific gravity is commonly used in industry as a simple means of obtaining information about the concentration of solutions of various materials such as brines, hydrocarbons, sugar solutions (syrups, juices, honeys, brewers wort, must etc.) and acids. Specific gravity, as it is the ratio of densities, is a dimensionless quantity. Specific gravity varies with temperature; reference and sample must be compared at the same temperature, or corrected to a standard reference temperature. Substances with a specific gravity of 1 are neutrally buoyant in water, those with SG greater than one are denser than water, and so (ignoring surface tension effects) will sink in it, and those with an SG of less than one are less dense than water, and so will float. In scientific work the relationship of mass to volume is usually expressed directly in terms of the density (mass per unit volume) of the substance under study. It is in industry where specific gravity finds wide application, often for historical reasons. True specific gravity, can be expressed mathematically as: where is the density of the sample and is the density of water. The apparent specific gravity is simply the ratio of the weights of equal volumes of sample and water in air: where represents the weight of sample and the weight of water, both measured in air. It can be shown that true specific gravity can be computed from different properties: where is the local acceleration due to gravity, is the volume of the sample and of water (the same for both), is the density of the sample, is the density of water and represents a weight obtained in vacuum. API Gravity 1. API gravity represents a dimensionless property similar to specific gravity. The measure itself derives from specific gravity (see Reference 3): API = (141.5 / SG) – 131.5. Note that because specific gravity appears in the denominator of the equation, API gravity and specific gravity exhibit an inverse relationship: A liquid with high specific gravity will exhibit low API gravity and vice-versa CHAPTER THREE EXPERIMENTATION The experiment carried under room temperature at 34oC, was aimed at determining the density/specific gravity of five varying samples (PMS, DPK, Crude Oil, PKO, and Soap Solution) using two different measuring apparatus; a weighing balance and a measuring cylinder applying the Archimedes principle of floatation to obtain values in ml and then subsequently in grams. PROCEDURE 1. The weights (sliders) on the beam of the weighing balance apparatus was set to zero before measurements. A dry empty pycometer was then placed on the scale pan to obtain its weight for which results were recorded after careful observations of the beam’s calibrations in grams. 2. The weight was determined by locking three different sets of weights (sliders) on their respective number-calibrations (in grams), for which the beam was balanced. The values which these weights rested on at beam-balance were then added up to give the mass of the empty pycometer. 3. The weights on the beam were set back to zero and the pycometer lifted off the pan to restart the process but this time to measure the mass of the pycometer filled with a sample; DPK in this case. 4. 50 milliliters of DPK was measured with a cylinder and poured into the pycometer, then corked with a small glass-like capillary tube. A small volume of the liquid sample (DPK), which was spilled as a result of the pressure from corking the pycometer, was noted as negligible. The DPK-filled pycometer; a combined weight of both the pycometer and the DPK fluid, was then placed on the pan scale for the second time to acquire readings in grams. 5. The same method for measurement, as explained in the earlier paragraphs, was used to accurately determine the mass of the DPK-filled pycometer and then subsequently recorded. The above elaborated procedures for the determination of were further carried out for three more samples; PMS, Crude Oil, and PKO to determine their masses. First, the masses of the empty pycometers were measured, followed by the combined masses of the pycometers and samples and then subsequently, the individual masses of the fluid samples were calculated. In the supplementary method involving the application of the Archimedes principle of floatation – 1. The measuring cylinder was filled with water and the initial volume was observed and recorded. A piece of string was then tied around a dry empty pycometer and attached to the retort stand so that it dropped directly into the measuring cylinder enough to submerge itself in the containing water so that the volume increased. The new volume of water was then noted and recorded in milliliters. The difference between the initial volumes of the water before the introduction of the empty pycometer and after the submergence of the pycometer was also calculated and recorded in grams as the mass of the empty pycometer.